KIAI, USTAZ, AND GHURU MOROK: CONTESTATION AND TOLERANCE OF THREE RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES IN KANGEAN ISLAND, MADURA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31291/jlka.v21i2.1125Keywords:
Religious authority, Contestation, Tolerance, Islamic Culture, Indonesian MuslimAbstract
ABSTRACT
Socio-religious movements are intrinsically linked to religious authorities within a society, including those of traditional Islamic movements in Madura which significantly shaps the power dynamics of local religious authorities. The influence of the kiai, a local Muslim leader, extends well beyond religious authority, shaping political, social, economic, and cultural life in significant ways. However, the roles of other authorities, such as the Ustaz, often go overlooked in the Madurese society. This article delves into the roles of three religious authorities in Kangean Island, Madura: the Kiai, Ustaz, and Ghuru Morok (Kiai Langgar). This ethnographic research was conducted through in-depth interviews and active involvement in various activities of these religious authority figures. The researcher also made extensive observations of the activities of these religious authority figures through direct engagement. The data was collected and analyzed with a keen focus on understanding the unique roles and influences of these religious authorities within the cultural and societal context of Kangean Island. The study finds that the Kiai, identified with Traditional Islam and affiliated with Nahdlatul Ulama, maintains a dualistic approach towards local traditions, encompassing both mystification and demystification. In contrast, the Ustaz, associated with Puritan Islamic groups affiliated with Persis and Muhammadiyah, tends to demystify local traditions. Meanwhile, the Ghuru Morok, although similar to the Kiai from traditional Islam, leans closer to Syncretic Islam in practice. The Ghuru Morok tends to mystify local traditions.
Keywords: Religious authority, Contestation, Tolerance, Islamic Culture, Indonesian Muslim
ABSTRAK
Gerakan sosial keagamaan memiliki relasi kuat dengan otoritas keagamaan dalam masyarakat. Dominasi gerakan Islam tradisional di Madura misalnya, ikut serta membentuk kuasa otoritas keagamaan daerah ini. Kontrol kiai terhadap berbagai persoalan-persoalan masyarakat telah menjadi bagian inheren yang membuktikan bahwa kiai memiliki peran cukup kuat tidak saja dalam otoritas keagamaan, akan tetapi kuasa dan peran karismatik kiai juga memainkan peran dinamik dalam kehidupan politik, sosial, ekomomi dan budaya. Kendati demikian otoritas Ghuru Morok (Kiai Langgar) dan Ustaz kerap kali diabaikan atau diperlakukan sebagai otoritas lain dalam masyarakat Madura. Artikel ini menganalisis tiga otoritas keagamaan dalam masyarakat Pulau Kangean, Madura yakni: Kiai, ustaz dan Ghuru Morok (kiai Langgar). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kiai merupakan otoritas keagamaan yang identik dengan Islam Tradisional yang berafiliasi dengan Nahdlatul Ulama. Kiai merupakan otoritas keagamaan yang melakukan dua hal secara bersamaan terhadap tradisi lokal: mistifikasi dan demistifikasi. Sementara Ustaz identik dengan kelompok Islam Puritan yang berafiliasi dengan Persis dan Muhammadiyah. Ustaz merupakan otoritas keagamaan yang cenderung melakukan demistifikasi terhadap tradisi lokal. Sementara sebaliknya, Ghuru Morok yang cenderung sama dengan Kiai dari kalangan Islam tradisional walaupun secara praktik lebih dekat dengan varian Islam Sinkretik. Ghuru Morok adalah otoritas keagamaan yang cenderung melakukan mistifikasi terhadap tradisi lokal. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian etnografis, data penelitian didapatkan melalui wawancara mendalam dan keterlibatan peneliti dalam berbagai kegiatan-kegiatan ketiga otoritas keagamaan di lapangan. Pengamatan mendalam terhadap aktivitas-aktivitas ketiga otoritas keagamaan juga dilakukan dengan keterlibatan langsung peneliti.
Kata Kunci: Otoritas keagamaan, Kontestasi, Toleransi, Budaya Islam
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