Diskursus Tasawuf Nusantara di Mekah: Respons MukhtÄr ‘Aá¹Ärid Al-BughÅ«rÄ« terhadap Ajaran Martabat Tujuh
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31291/jlka.v19i1.923Keywords:
martabat tujuh, bahasa Sunda, tasawuf, SunniAbstract
This study focuses on the discourse of Malay-Indonesian Sufism in Mecca at the beginning of the twentieth century. My main object is the response of MukhtÄr ‘Aá¹Ärid of Bogor (1862-1930) towards the doctrine of seven grades using the social history approach. He is a Sundanese scholar who taught in Mecca. He gave the response in his two Sundanese printed kitabs in Egypt. The study shows that MukhtÄr’s response reflects the importance of Sunni orthodoxy on Sufism based on sharia. Therefore, he tends to reject the deviation of the seven grades teachings in the Indonesian archipelago which considered deviant. In the case of the teaching of Ibn ‘Arabi’s unity of existence, MukhtÄr' Aá¹Ärid seems to correct people’s misunderstandings about this teaching. He advised to be good-minded to the teaching because Ibn ‘Arabi is an expert of truth in accordance with the sharia, but most people are not able to understand it. The view point of MukhtÄr ‘AtÄrid reflects the response of a scholar who heir to the tradition of Sunni Sufism orthodoxy towards the development of Sufism in Indonesian archipelago that spread out from the seventeenth century to the present.
Keywords: seven grades, Sufism, Sunni, Sundanese
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Kajian ini memfokuskan pada masalah wacana tasawuf Nusantara di Mekah pada awal abad ke-20. Objek utamanya adalah tanggapan MukhtÄr ‘Aá¹Ärid al-BughÅ«rÄ« (1862-1930), ulama Sunda yang mengajar di Mekah, terhadap konsep martabat tujuh. Ia menuangkannya dalam dua kitab berbahasa Sunda yang dicetak di Mesir, KifÄyah al-Mubtadi’īn dan HidÄyah al-Mubtadi’in. Melalui pendekatan sejarah sosial, hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa tanggapan MukhtÄr ‘Aá¹Ärid mencerminkan kepentingan ortodoksi Sunni dalam bidang tasawuf yang bertumpu pada syariat. Karenanya, ia cenderung menolak penyimpangan ajaran martabat tujuh di Nusantara yang dianggapnya heterodoks dan menyimpang. Sementara dalam kasus ajaran kesatuan eksistensi (tauḥīd al-wujÅ«d) Ibn ‘ArabÄ«, al-JilÄ« dan al-BurhÄnfÅ«rÄ«, MukhtÄr ‘Aá¹Ärid terlihat meluruskan kesalahpahaman orang terhadap ajarannya itu. Ia menganjurkan untuk berbaik sangka pada ajarannya, karena diyakini merupakan ahli hakikat yang benar dan sesuai dengan syariat, tetapi kebanyakan orang tidak mampu memahaminya. Pandangan MukhtÄr ‘Aá¹Ärid mencerminkan respons seorang ulama pewaris tradisi ortodoksi sufistik Sunni terhadap perkembangan tasawuf di Nusantara yang membentang sejak abad ke-17 hingga sekarang.
Kata kunci: martabat tujuh, tasawuf, Sunni, bahasa Sunda
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